Posted: April 24th, 2025

Biology – Anatomy homework

 

Incorporate feedback you received on your Annotated Bibliography and continue researching the topic. After reviewing the literature available on the topic you have chosen, you provide a concise synopsis of the pathophysiology of the disease, present a sample of current research in the area, and explain how the research data could apply to public health programs, policy, or practice. APA style headers are expected for the three subsections: Pathophysiology, Current Research, and Public Health Application. You may use sub-headers if you feel they are needed for better flow. Use the American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). Washington, DC, and get help from the Walden University Writing Center if you need it. Be sure to use APA format for your citations and references. Don’t forget you can use the SafeAssign draft link to check your work before you submit. Your work is expected to be highly original.

Your 4- to 5-page Literature Review must include the following sections:

• Title page: Include your name, date, course and section, and title of paper.
• Pathophysiological Analysis: In a section entitled “Pathophysiology of (insert the name of the disease or condition),” provide a concise description of the pathophysiology of the disease or condition. Your objective should be to provide the reader with some of the latest scholarly observations about the risk factors and mechanisms of action for the damage that is done to the body by this condition. Aim for a scholarly audience, which means that you should be using correct terminology and relying on scholarly, published research findings to discuss this topic. Don’t forget to cite the sources in your paper as you refer to them and make sure each source also appears in the Reference list at the end of the paper.
• Current Research: In a section entitled “Current Research on (insert name of disease/condition),” discuss some of the recent (within the last 3 years) research related to your focus area. Include the aim of each study, the specific methods used, and results of each study.
• Public Health Application: In your final section, entitled “Public Health Application,” explain the value and application of the research findings you discussed. Cite the studies where you refer to them, and provide some examples of how this information is or can be used in public health policy, programs, and practice. Explain which of the “10 Essential Public Health Services” the public health activities you described would relate best to and why.
• Reference List: In a separate page (use a page break) at the end of your paper, you must provide APA-formatted references for all resources you used. Note: The references page does not count towards the paper’s page requirement.

Attached is the annotated paper and the topic i worked on the last time. The attached paper had no primary source.

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Annotated Bibliography

Semiloore akerele

Doctorate degree in public health, Walden University

PUBH 803

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Dr. Schroeder

Sept 29, 2024

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Bipolar illness is a complicated mental health issue that affects millions globally.

Healthcare practitioners across disciplines must address it due to its ubiquity and influence on

everyday life. This annotated bibliography compiles contemporary material on bipolar illness,

covering diagnosis, treatment, and physical health issues. The selected articles examine bipolar

disorder’s clinical aspects, epidemiology, pathophysiology, evidence-based treatment, and future

research. This bibliography synthesizes these perspectives to emphasize the multifaceted nature

of bipolar disorder and the importance of early diagnosis, effective treatment, and a

comprehensive approach that integrates mental and physical health to improve patient outcomes

and reduce morbidity and mortality.

Goes, F. S. (2023). Diagnosis and management of bipolar disorders. BMJ, 381(1), e073591.

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2022-073591

This article examines bipolar disorders (BDs), which are complicated, recurring mood

disorders that afflict 2% of the worldwide population. The sickness often starts in young

adulthood and causes disability and untimely death, according to the author. BD is often

misdiagnosed, resulting in missing early intervention and harmful therapy. Despite over

15 authorized treatment choices, the paper notes that effectiveness and adverse effects

typically limit patient outcomes. Lithium is the most effective medication, although few

individuals attain complete remission. Though their long-term safety and tolerability are

unknown, atypical antipsychotics are increasingly used to treat bipolar depression. Goes

advocates combination treatment and adjuvant psychotherapy to address BD symptoms’

complexity throughout stages. Targeted therapy for causative processes are possible as

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2022-073591

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BD pathophysiology is more understood. Currently, professional judgment and

collaborative decision-making are essential for addressing this condition. This article will

inform my discussion on the difficulties in diagnosing and treating bipolar illness,

emphasizing the necessity for an all-encompassing strategy that incorporates

pharmaceutical and psychological aspects.

Jain, A., & Mitra, P. (2023, February 20). Bipolar disorder. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558998/

Jain and Mitra’s (2023) comprehensive study of bipolar disorder (BD) offers an in-depth

analysis of the condition’s origin, classification, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapy.

The disorder’s development is linked to genetic predisposition, especially chromosome 11

markers, according to their comprehensive assessment. BD patients commonly have

dopamine and serotonin abnormalities, which affect mood regulation. The biological

approach is key to understanding why BD patients suffer dramatic mood swings from

mania to sadness. Environmental variables like stress and trauma complicate the

disorder’s appearance, showing that biological and environmental components interact.

BD is difficult to diagnose, especially because to its symptom overlap with major

depressive illness and schizophrenia, according to Jain and Mitra. Misdiagnosis or

delayed therapy due to diagnostic uncertainty complicates patient care and management.

Their knowledge of pathophysiology and diagnostic problems is essential for

comprehending the condition holistically and explaining mood dysregulation processes in

my work. I can better contextualize BD’s molecular roots, tying genetic and

neurotransmitter dysfunctions to clinical presentations, and emphasize the continued

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558998/

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problems in identifying and treating this complex psychiatric disorder by using this

material.

Lane, N. M., & Smith, D. J. (2023). Bipolar disorder: Diagnosis, treatment and future

directions.

Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, 53(3), 192–196.

https://doi.org/10.1177/14782715231197577

This review covers bipolar disorder’s clinical characteristics, epidemiology,

pathophysiology, and evidence-based treatment. It emphasizes the disorder’s prevalence

as a mental disease with recurring mania (or hypomania) and significant depression, as

well as its high morbidity and early death. Due to its cross-specialty importance,

clinicians across disciplines must be able to recognize and treat bipolar illness. The article

discusses bipolar disorder’s physical health impact, including drug side effects, and the

need of pharmacological treatment safety. Lane and Smith explore bipolar disorder’s

prognosis and advise future therapy and research, including the need for better

management techniques that combine physical and mental health. This source will be

helpful in my examination of the holistic approach to treating bipolar disease,

emphasizing the significance of mental and physical health and guiding future research to

improve patient outcomes.

Nierenberg, A. A., Agustini, B., Köhler-Forsberg, O., Cusin, C., Katz, D., Sylvia, L. G.,

Peters, A., & Berk, M. (2023). Diagnosis and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: A

Review. JAMA,

330(14), 1370–1380. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.18588

This detailed overview shows how bipolar illness (BD) affects 8 million U.S. adults and

40 million globally. The article describes BD’s recurring depressive episodes, which

frequently resemble severe depressive episodes, and manic and hypomanic episodes with

https://doi.org/10.1177/14782715231197577

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different mood and behavioral alterations. The usual age of onset is 15–25 years,

highlighting the prevalence of depressive symptoms. The typical delay in seeking proper

therapy after a depressive episode is nine years, yet early identification and treatment

improve long-term results. Mood stabilizers (lithium, valproate, lamotrigine) and atypical

antipsychotics (quetiapine, aripiprazole) are the main treatments, while antidepressants

may cause side effects. Comorbidities including metabolic syndrome, which increase

health risks and shorten life expectancy in BD patients, are also discussed in the essay.

The high suicide incidence in this demographic emphasizes the need for proper

management. In my article, I will utilize this source to offer important bipolar illness

prevalence and impact data and argue for early diagnosis and complete treatment.

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References

Goes, F. S. (2023). Diagnosis and management of bipolar disorders. BMJ, 381(1), e073591.

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2022-073591

Jain, A., & Mitra, P. (2023, February 20). Bipolar disorder. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558998/

Lane, N. M., & Smith, D. J. (2023). Bipolar disorder: Diagnosis, treatment and future directions.

Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, 53(3), 192–196.

https://doi.org/10.1177/14782715231197577

Nierenberg, A. A., Agustini, B., Köhler-Forsberg, O., Cusin, C., Katz, D., Sylvia, L. G., Peters,

A., & Berk, M. (2023). Diagnosis and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: A Review. JAMA,

330(14), 1370–1380. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.18588