Posted: March 28th, 2023
Urban Patterns – Defining a City and Urban Models
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central city
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an urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit known as a municipality
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metropolitan statistical area (MSA)
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measures the functional area of an urban settlement – created by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) to reflect the extensive area of economic and cultural influence of settlements
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MSA encompasses
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urban area with pop. of at least 50,000, the county within which the city is located, adjacent counties with high pop. density and large % of people working in the central city's county
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micropolitan statistical area (μSA)
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includes an urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is located, and adjacent counties tied to the city
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core based statistical area (CBSA)
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any one MSA or μSA (938 as of 2018, including the 392 MSAs and the 546 μSAs)
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combined statistical area (CSA)
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two or more contiguous CBSAs tied together by commuting patterns (175 as of 2018)
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urban area
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consists of a central city and its surrounding built-up suburbs
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urbanized area
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an urban area with at least 50,000 inhabitants
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urban cluster
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an urban area with between 2,500 and 50,000 inhabitants
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megalopolis
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a collection of adjacent or overlapping metropolitan areas that merge into a continuous urban region
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Jean Gottmann
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geographer who applied the term Megalopolis to the continuous urban area in NE US from Boston to south of DC
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US urban complexes
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southern Great Lakes (Milwaukee to Pittsburgh) and southern California (Los Angeles to Tijuana)
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central business district (CBD)
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the area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered
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the 100 percent corner
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large department stores would cluster near one intersection called this
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skyscrapers
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the first ones built in Chicago in the 1880s, made possible by several inventions - the elevator, steel girders, and tempered glass
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concentric zone model
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a city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings
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Ernest Burgess
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created the concentric zone model in 1923
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5 rings of concentric zone model
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1. central business district, 2. zone of transportation, 3. zone of independent workers' homes, 4. zone of better residences, 5. commuter's zone
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sector model
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a city develops in a series of sectors
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Homer Hoyt
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created the sector model in 1939
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multiple nuclei model
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a city is a complex structure that includes a CBD as well as other centers around which activities occur
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Chauncey Harris and Edward Ullman
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created the multiple nuclei model in 1945
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node
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central points in the city - ex. a port, neighborhood business center, university, airport, and park
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multiple nuclei theory
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states that some activities are attracted to particular nodes, whereas others try to avoid them - ex. heavy industry and high-class housing rarely exist in the same place
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galactic (or peripheral) model
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an urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and service nodes or nuclei tied together by a beltway or ring road
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Chauncy Harris
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helped create the multiple nuclei model and created the galactic (or peripheral) model in 1960 as a modification of the nuclei model
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edge cities
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the nodes of consumer and business services around the beltway
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social area analysis
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the study of where people of varying living standards, ethnic background, and lifestyle live within an urban area
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census tracts
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urban areas in the US are divided into these, each contain approximately 5,000 residents and correspond, where possible, to neighborhood boundaries
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blocks
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a collection of several dozen houses - 4 streets in urban areas
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block group
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a collection of several neighboring blocks
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CBDs in Europe
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more people live downtown - more daily consumer services - most prominent buildings are churches/royal places - contain business/professional services - rents are higher
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Kubla Khan
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founder of the Yuan Dynasty, constructed a new city called Dadu beginning in 1264
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Dadu
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the name for early Beijing, constructed during the Yuan Dynasty by Kubla Khan
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Qionghua Island
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the heart of Dadu in the Yuan Dynasty, 3 palaces built here in the middle of Taiye Lake
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Forbidden City and Temple of Heaven
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built during the Ming Dynasty, replaced the imperial palace
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Beijing
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means "Northern Capital," got its name during the Ming Dynasty in 1403
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Laws of the Indies
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all Spanish cities in Latin America were built according to this, which was drafted in 1573
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Fès (Fez), Morocco
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example of a city that consists of two separate and distinct nodes - a precolonial city that existed before the French gained control and one built by the French colonialists
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Medinah
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a marketplace/the commercial core of the precolonial Islamic city, which was laid out surrounding a mosque with this as the center
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Saigon, Vietnam
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was a French colonial city but is now Ho Chi Minh City, was built by completely demolishing the existing city without leaving a trace
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