Posted: February 26th, 2023

Notes on W(5) H(1) for Three New Research Articles, and Compare & Contrast Research (p. 16a)

Assignment Content
In class, we had Research Day II where you were required to find THREE more research articles related to your topic in exploration of your research question. 
For this assignment, you are asked to download the Word document below and simply fill out W(5) H(1) notes for EACH new research article found in class:
KG 604 – Research Day II, Objective Summary Worksheet x

  • GRADING
    1. GRADING
    • Title Page = 5 pts: Adjust the template for your own work
    • Worksheet Pages = 80 pts (breakdown below): 
    • New Article #1
    • Who = 5 pts
    • Why = 5 pts
    • When = 5 pts
    • Where = 5 pts
    • How PLUS cut and pasted paragraph with HIGHLIGHTED indicator words = 5 pts
    • What PLUS cute and pasted sentences that summarize findings with HIGHLIGHTED overall findings = 5 pts
    • New Article #2
    • Who = 5 pts
      Why = 5 pts
      When = 5 pts
      Where = 5 pts
      How PLUS cut and pasted paragraph with HIGHLIGHTED indicator words = 5 pts
      What PLUS cute and pasted sentences that summarize findings with HIGHLIGHTED overall findings = 5 pts

    • New Article #3
    • Who = 5 pts
      Why = 5 pts
      When = 5 pts
      Where = 5 pts
      How PLUS cut and pasted paragraph with HIGHLIGHTED indicator words = 5 pts
      What PLUS cute and pasted sentences that summarize findings with HIGHLIGHTED overall findings = 5 pts

    • References Page = 10 pts: Create a proper APA 7 References Page with your THREE research articles (refer to the video and see pp. 33-34 for the FORMAT you must use to create your reference and p. 32 for a perfect sample of what a References Page looks like.)At this point, you have found your research articles exploring your approved research question and you have learned how to find your 6 ‘ingredients’ during class (contact the Graduate You learned about the W(5) H(1) and completed Phase 2 on p. 13a of your Final ‘Mission’ Packet (Found in W. 4’s HW). 
    1. You will open your Final ‘Mission’ Packet that is saved to your computer, and turn to p. 16a, “Activity: Analyze Your Research Articles: Compare and Contrast.” 
    2. Complete p. 16a using all 4 research articles in your workbook and them COPY and PASTE into a NEW Word document to be submitted here. 

    Grading: 

    Comparison = 50%

    • To earn full credit, you will have mentioned all four research articles, used correct in-text citations, used appropriate comparison, transition words, have written in full sentences, and have written FULLY in your own words. 

    Contrast = 50% 

    • To earn full credit, you will have mentioned all four research articles, used correct in-text citations, used appropriate contrasting, transition words, have written in full sentences, and have written FULLY in your own words. 

    NOTES FOR TWO MORE RESEARCH ARTICLES 1

    Notes for Two More Research Articles: Notice My Capitalization

    Your Name Goes Here

    Department of Name of Your Major, King Graduate School

    KG 604: Research & Critical Analysis

    Professor Ramlochan

    2/14/2022

    Notes for Two More Research Articles: Notice My Capitalization

    Are You Caught Up?

    By Now, You Have…

    1. Completed the Brainstorming assignment, where I approved your research problem related to the industry of your major;

    2. Successfully created a research question starting with “What have researchers learned about” (also approved by me);

    3. Found a research article through the Monroe College databases;

    4. Submitted the assignment, “HW: Is Your Article a Research Article? (with APA 7 Cover/Title Page & References Page)”;

    5. And, submitted your FIRST Objective Summary.

    IF You Have Completed ALL of the Above…

    Complete this note sheet (based on your TWO new research articles)

    W(5)H(1): New Research Article #1

    1.
    Who conducted the research?

    2.
    Why was the study completed (purpose / what researchers hoped to learn)
    ?

    3.
    When was data collected (not the publication year)
    ?

    4.
    Where was data collected (physical location)
    ?

    (
    examples:

    in hospitals in NY State,

    in rural China,

    in 3 countries in Africa: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, and Djibouti)

    5.
    How was data collected (methodology)? Cut as paste the paragraph below that describes the methodology and HIGHLIGHT the indicator words that specifically show you the methodology
    :

    6.
    What were the findings? Cut as paste the paragraph below that describes the findings and HIGHLIGHT the sentences that specifically show you the summary of findings:

    W(5)H(1): New Research Article #2

    1.
    Who conducted the research?

    2.
    Why was the study completed (purpose / what researchers hoped to learn)
    ?

    3.
    When was data collected (not the publication year)
    ?

    4.
    Where was data collected (physical location)
    ?

    (
    examples:

    in hospitals in NY State,

    in rural China,

    in 3 countries in Africa: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, and Djibouti)

    5.
    How was data collected (methodology)? Cut as paste the paragraph below that describes the methodology and HIGHLIGHT the indicator words that specifically show you the methodology
    :

    6.
    What were the findings? Cut as paste the paragraph below that describes the findings and HIGHLIGHT the sentences that specifically show you the summary of findings:

    References

    Final ‘Mission’ Packet

    [Your Name]

    Department of [Your Major], King Graduate School

    KG 60

    4

    : Graduate Research & Critical Analysis

    Professor Ramlochan

    April

    2

    0

    23

    Required Task

    Week Skill is Practiced

    Workbook Activity

    Page Number

    APA-7-Compliant Title Page

    Week 3

    4

    Level 1 Header:
    Title of Your Paper

    5

    · Introduction paragraph with a thesis statement

    Week 12

    Activity: 1st Sentence of the Opening Paragraph

    6a

    Activity: Drafting Your Thesis Statement

    7a

    Level 1 Header:
    Literature Review

    8

    · Opening paragraph ensuring credibility of sources evaluated in the Review of Literature

    Week 7

    9

    Activity: Developing Introductory Paragraph to Literature Review

    10a

    · Review of Literature including only research articles

    Week 6

    11

    Activity: Notes for Research Articles, Notice My Capitalization

    13a

    · Analysis of Literature including compare and contrast of methodologies, findings, and recommendations

    Week 8

    16

    Activity: Analyze Your Research Articles: Compare and Contrast

    16a

    Activity: Checklist for the Literature Review

    17a

    Level 1 Header:
    Discussion: Mitigation Recommendation

    17b

    · Opening paragraph summarizing the populations/locations affected by this problem

    Week 10

    Activity: Reintroduce and Summarize the Problem and Populations Affected

    17b

    · Summary of existing mitigation techniques

    Week 9

    Activity: Find a Company/Organization/Policy Working to Mitigate the Problem

    17c

    · Recommendation, connecting existing mitigation techniques to the specific location/population of the problem

    Week 10

    Activity: Develop Your Recommendation with Evidence

    18a

    Level 1 Header:
    Conclusion

    21

    · Conclusion paragraph

    Week 12

    Activity: Checklist to the Conclusion Paragraph:

    22a

    New Page – Level 1 Header:
    References

    23

    APA-7-Compliant References Page including every source cited in-text

    Week 3

    Instructions to Packet Use

    Activities must be completed according to the weekly order on p.

    2.

    The process and order of conducting secondary applied research taught in KG 604 will provide you with a strong framework of research, which you will continue to build upon and adjust throughout your program. Do not complete Actives in any other order than the weekly order on p.2.

    You will then use all Activities, in the order listed on p. 2, to guide you during the writing process.

    Page #

    Paper Title (bold with title capitalization)

    Racial Disparities in Healthcare Among Pregnant Women in the United States

    (NOTICE one blank, double-spaced line)

    Katniss Everdeen

    Department of Public Health, King Graduate School

    Due Date

    Your Name

    Department & Name of College

    Course Number & Name

    KG 604: Research & Critical Analysis

    Instructor’s Name

    (first name optional)

    Dr. John H. Watson

    July 1, 2021

    Introductory Paragraph

    Outline for Introductory Paragraph

    ·
    Opening Sentence: Grab the reader’s attention.

    ·
    Transition Sentence(s): Each sentence should naturally flow from the opening sentence into the thesis statement.

    ·
    Thesis Statement: One sentence to summarize what is addressed in the paper with your recommendation: It is your whole paper “squished” into one sentence!

    Transition Sentences

    Opening Sentence

    Thesis Statement

    Color Coding:

    Green = Opening sentence meant to grab reader’s attention

    = Sentences in between that are needed to transition from Green to Purple

    Purple = Thesis statement

    Student Sample: Introduction

    Introduction

    African American, American Indian, and Alaska Native women are up to three times

    more likely to die from adverse pregnancy-related outcomes, a disparity that increases with

    age (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019).

    Researchers found a program which provided support to African American women through group trainings entailing stress reduction techniques, life skills development, and the building of social support. This enabled mitigation efforts to be focused and geared around the factors that influence and contributed to adverse pregnancy outcomes among the minority women within the community, thus reducing and preventing negative pregnanchy outcomes in women of color. In the United States, maternal mortality and adverse health outcomes persist within the minority community, and as a result, racial disparities in healthcare among pregnant women is a current preventable public health concern, therefore it is vital to understand the determinants of health that influences negative pregnancy related outcomes in minority women, similar to one of California’s intervention programs, the Black Infant Health Program (Nichols & Cohen, 2019).

    2

    Opening Sentence

    6a

    Activity: 1st Sentence of the Opening Paragraph

    Purpose: To Grab the Reader’s Attention

    This ONE Sentence Must include:

    1. a surprising, disturbing, little-known, or wonderful fact

    2. a statistic

    3. an in-text citation

    Examples: Find and Number All Three of These Elements Below

    Student Samples: Opening Sentence

    Sample 1

    African American, American Indian, and Alaska Native women are up to three times

    more likely to die from adverse pregnancy-related outcomes, a disparity that increases with
    age (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019).

    Sample 2

    Studies estimate that approximately 40 million Americans, or about 20 percent of the population, are attempting to restrict their intake of food high in carbohydrates (Sanders and Katz, 2004; Hirsch, 2004).

    Write your own here, and number the 3 parts!

    1st sample adapted from student paper, Tamifer Lewis;

    2nd sample adapted from on-line textbook, retrieved from http://saylor.org/books.455

    Thesis Statement

    Your thesis statement is the driving force of your paper based on research. It should feel like it is your entire paper in one sentence: the problem, the research, recommendation based on research.


    General Formula

    Problem + research + recommendation based on the research (citation) = your thesis statement

    ***Important***

    Certain things can change in the general formula based on what your professor asks. This is why it is so important to read directions very carefully.


    KG 604: Steps to the Thesis

    1. Restate the Problem with citation

    2. Isolate and name the company/organization/program/policy and state why it works, with citation

    3. Connect #2 to your population or location and write your
    recommendation

    Student Sample Thesis Statement

    Research examples to illustrate the points above.

    In the United States, maternal mortality and adverse health outcomes persist within the minority community, yet as racial disparities in healthcare among pregnant women is a current preventable public health concern, it is vital to understand the determinants of health that influences negative pregnancy related outcomes in minority women, similar to one of California’s intervention programs, the Black Infant Health Program (Nichols and Cohen, 2019).

    2

    Activity: Drafting Your Thesis Statement

    7a

    Answer the following questions in the orange column below and place a check mark next to each task.

    Steps

    Description of Steps

    Draft Your Notes to Build Your Thesis Statement

    Check

    1

    · Restate the Problem with citation:

    2

    · Isolate and name the company/organization/ program/policy and state why it works, with citation:

    3

    · Connect #2 to your population or location and write your recommendation

    Steps

    Ensure the Following:

    Check

    4

    ·
    My thesis statement is the Last Sentence of the Opening Paragraph

    5

    ·
    My recommendation is based ONLY on the Research, with no

    6

    ·
    My thesis statement contains in-text citations

    Now, use your work above to write your statement in the blank space below!

    Literature Review

    Definition (part of the overall research paper you will write for this course)

    A

    literature review
    is an objective summary of what the scientific literature says about

    your specific topic or question. In this kind of paper, you demonstrate your familiarity with pertinent work in the field. The literature review gives the research history, upon which later research can be built.

    The Literature Review is Not a Research Paper

    Research Paper (what you may be writing in other courses;
    includes a literature review) The goal of a

    research paper
    is to draw on what others have to say about a topic and

    engage the sources in order to thoughtfully offer a unique perspective on the issue at hand.

    Typically includes these sections (may vary per your professor’s assignment):

    1. Introduction

    2. Review of Literature

    3. Analysis of Literature

    Adapted from:

    https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/types_of_ap

    a_papers.html

    and

    https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/common_writing_assignments/research_papers/genre_and_th

    e_research_paper.html

    Three Parts of the Literature Review

    1.

    Introduction Paragraph for the Literature Review: 6 Steps

    Six Steps to a Successful Introduction

    Steps

    Description of Steps

    Sample

    1

    Opening sentence: isolate your research problem, with citation

    “Research suggests that racial disparities in healthcare among pregnant women persists in the United States (Zhang et al. 2013).”

    2

    Explain why it is necessary to solve this problem

    “Due to this continuous occurrence, it is vital to examine the factors that contribute to the adverse outcomes in maternal health.”

    3

    Ensure your reader that you have only included research articles in the literature review and identify the main theme among them

    “The literature review

    contained only research articles about factors that impacted and influenced disparities in

    pregnancy outcomes.”

    4

    If you notice multiple factors, you should list them

    “Factors that were reviewed were socioeconomic status, public health insurance, race/ethnicity, and poverty status.”

    5

    Include the names of the databases you used to conduct your research from the Monroe College Library

    “The literature review was conducted using EBSCO
    Host and ProQuest databases from the Monroe College Library.”

    6

    Lastly, list any search words/terms you used in order to find your research articles

    “The search terms used to

    compile pertinent articles were racial disparities maternal health, adverse pregnancy outcomes,

    and maternal health outcomes

    .”

    Student Sample: Introduction to Literature Review

    gg

    Literature Review

    Research suggests that racial disparities in healthcare among pregnant women persists in

    the United States (Zhang et al. 2013). Due to this continuous occurrence, it is vital to examine

    the factors that contribute to the adverse outcomes in maternal health. The literature review

    contained only research articles about factors that impacted and influenced disparities in

    pregnancy outcomes. Factors that were reviewed were socioeconomic status, public health

    insurance, race/ethnicity, and poverty status. The literature review was conducted using EBSCO

    Host and ProQuest databases from the Monroe College Library. The search terms used to

    compile pertinent articles were racial disparities maternal health, adverse pregnancy outcomes,
    and maternal health outcomes

    2

    Activity: Developing Introductory Paragraph to Literature Review

    10a

    Directions

    Fill in the orange column to build out your introductory paragraph.

    Steps

    Description of Steps

    Your Sentences

    Check

    1

    Opening sentence: isolate your research problem, with citation

    2

    Explain why it is necessary to solve this problem

    3

    Ensure your reader that you have only included research articles in the literature review and identify the main theme among them

    4

    If you notice multiple factors, you should list them

    5

    Include the names of the databases you used to conduct your research from the Monroe College Library

    6

    Lastly, list any search words/terms you used in order to find your research articles

    2.

    3.
    Review of Literature

    This part consists of the objective summaries of your research articles. The order in which you present these is important. You will need to create Level 2-3 headings to cluster similar research articles by theme or purpose. (Typically, each level heading should include at least three research articles, amounting to 5-10 research articles,
    but as this is a foundations course, you will only provide a total of three to four (3-4) research articles for your Literature Review.)

    For each research article found on your topic, you must write a strong objective summary, academic paragraph, that includes all aspects below (W[5] H[1]). The answer to each of these questions below will help you keep track of notes that will eventually be used to write each academic paragraph.

    Six Questions to Answer to Summarize a Research Article:5 “W” Questions and 1 “H” Question

    1.
    Who: Who conducted the study? (name of the author*)

    *If more than two authors, the name you use must be the first (primary) author listed, who is responsible for ensuring the quality of others’ contributions followed by et al.

    2.
    When: In what year was the study conducted? (usually not the publication year)

    3.
    Where: In which city, state, or country was the study conducted?

    4.
    Why: Why was the study conducted – what did the researcher(s) hope to learn?

    5.
    How: How was the study conducted? —D
    etailed description
    including

    methodology (
    qualitative, quantitative, mixed-method, literature review, or meta-study), participants etc.

    2

    6.

    What: What did the researcher(s)
    find? — Give the results of the study with specificity, so we understand the value of the study, and how it relates to the WHY

    Writing an Objective Summary
    11a

    What to Do: Write A Short Version of the Article Focus on the 6 Important Questions:

    Anyone reading the summary below knows

    who
    the main author is (last name of the first

    author listed if there are more than one);

    why
    ,

    when

    ,
    where,
    and

    how
    the study was conducted;

    and

    what
    the researcher(s) found
    (5 “W” questions and 1 “H” question).

    Good Example of an Objective Summary

    Activity: Practice with Objective Summaries

    Please Find the Answers to All Six Questions Below and Underline or Highlight Them!

    Student Sample: Objective Summary

    Darling et al. (2021) conducted a study between 2001 and 2018 to examine the efficiency of qualified interventions in preterm birth, small for gestational age, low birth weight, neonatal death, cesarean deliveries, maternal care satisfaction, and coast effectiveness programs. A systematic review was used to collect data from the United States, France, Spain, and the Netherlands. The studies consisted of mostly non- Caucasian women from low-income population ranging from 12 to 46 years of age and being between 20 to 32 weeks’ gestation. Interventional programs were implemented into three categories: group prenatal care, augmented prenatal care, or a combination of both group and augmented prenatal care (Darling et al. 2021). The researchers found that certain interventions, such as prenatal care and augmented care, or a combination of both, may decrease adverse outcomes in small-for-gestational-age and preterm birth, and could aid in increasing maternal care satisfaction. Interventions that worked on enhancing coordination of care were found to result in providing more effective cost savings. The researchers also found disparities in the quality of access to care in the vulnerable population. There was insufficient evidence of suitable quality to confirm that the interventions were successful at enhancing clinical outcomes in prenatal care for at risk populations (Darling et al. 2021).

    Writing an Objective Summary: What Not to Do
    What NOT to Do: Write ABOUT the Article

    The example below gives us information on what the article was about, but we are left in

    the dark about
    how the author conducted the study, and
    what she found.

    Bad Example

    In the study, Chiara Dall’Ora et al. (2015), explained the connection between shift length and burnout among nurses in European countries. In the article, they tell why they conducted the research, how they conducted the research, and also gives the results of the research, providing statistics of the findings (Dall’Ora et al., 2015).

    (Can you even find the W5 H1?)

    What NOT to Do: Write
    CONCLUSIONS/OPINIONS About the Article

    The example below gives us information about what the reader’s
    conclusions or
    opinions

    are.

    BAD Example

    In the study, Chiara Dall’Ora et al. (2015), explained the connection between shift length and burnout among nurses in European countries. This is an important issue because we have to make sure nurses are not burnt out so they can care for patients properly. In the article, they tell why they conducted the research, how they conducted the research, and they also give the results of the research, providing statistics of the findings. If more hospital administrators cared about the well-being of nurses and implemented change, we would have a better healthcare system (Dall’Ora et al., 2015

    (Again, can you find the W5 H1?)

    Rubric for Objective Summary

    Please check off where your assignment is on each criterion in this rubric and submit it with your assignment

    Criteria

    Excellent

    Not yet excellent

    Not yet satisfactory

    Free of opinion

    Summary is free of opinion

    Summary has one opinion word

    Summary has more than one opinion word

    Using own words

    Summary is entirely in the student’s own words

    A short phrase appears not to be in student’s own words

    Piece has elements of plagiarism (some parts appear to be copied from the article being summarized)

    Effectiveness of summary

    Summary provides ALL 6 important points:

    Who conducted the research (primary author)

    Why?
    Where?
    When?
    How?

    What were the findings?

    1 of the 6 questions is unanswered or is insufficiently answered

    2 or more of the 6 questions are unanswered or are insufficiently answered

    2

    Activity: Notes for Research Articles, Notice My Capitalization

    Complete this note sheet in two phases (based on ALL research articles found).

    Phase 1: First answer questions 5 and 6 for each article below. IF you cannot find the answers to questions 5 and 6, that means your article is NOT a research article, so you must find a new one.

    Phase 2: Once you have determined EACH article is a research article, AND your professor has approved them, you may complete questions 1-4 for each.

    W(5)H(1): New Research Article #1 (Basic Research Article)

    1.

    Who conducted the research?

    2.
    Why was the study completed (purpose / what researchers hoped to learn)
    ?

    3.
    When was data collected (not the publication year)
    ?

    4.
    Where was data collected (physical location)
    ?

    (
    examples:

    in hospitals in NY State,

    in rural China,

    in 3 countries in Africa: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, and Djibouti)

    5.
    How was data collected (methodology)? Cut and paste the paragraph below that describes the methodology and HIGHLIGHT the indicator words that specifically show you the methodology
    :

    6.
    What were the findings? Cut and paste the paragraph below that describes the findings and HIGHLIGHT the sentences that specifically show you the summary of findings:

    W(5)H(1): New Research Article #2 (Basic Research Article)

    1.
    Who conducted the research?

    2.
    Why was the study completed (purpose / what researchers hoped to learn)
    ?

    3.
    When was data collected (not the publication year)
    ?

    4.
    Where was data collected (physical location)
    ?

    (
    examples:

    in hospitals in NY State,

    in rural China,

    in 3 countries in Africa: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, and Djibouti)

    5.
    How was data collected (methodology)? Cut and paste the paragraph below that describes the methodology and HIGHLIGHT the indicator words that specifically show you the methodology
    :

    6.
    What were the findings? Cut and paste the paragraph below that describes the findings and HIGHLIGHT the sentences that specifically show you the summary of findings:

    W(5)H(1): New Research Article #3 (Basic OR Applied Research Article)

    1.
    Who conducted the research?

    2.
    Why was the study completed (purpose / what researchers hoped to learn)
    ?

    3.
    When was data collected (not the publication year)
    ?

    4.
    Where was data collected (physical location)
    ?

    (
    examples:

    in hospitals in NY State,

    in rural China,

    in 3 countries in Africa: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, and Djibouti)

    5.
    How was data collected (methodology)? Cut and paste the paragraph below that describes the methodology and HIGHLIGHT the indicator words that specifically show you the methodology
    :

    6.
    What were the findings? Cut and paste the paragraph below that describes the findings and HIGHLIGHT the sentences that specifically show you the summary of findings:

    W(5)H(1): New Research Article #4 (Applied Research Article)

    1.

    Who conducted the research?

    2.
    Why was the study completed (purpose / what researchers hoped to learn)
    ?

    3.
    When was data collected (not the publication year)
    ?

    4.
    Where was data collected (physical location)
    ?

    (
    examples:

    in hospitals in NY State,

    in rural China,

    in 3 countries in Africa: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, and Djibouti)

    5.
    How was data collected (methodology)? Cut and paste the paragraph below that describes the methodology and HIGHLIGHT the indicator words that specifically show you the methodology
    :

    6.
    What were the findings? Cut and paste the paragraph below that describes the findings and HIGHLIGHT the sentences that specifically show you the summary of findings:

    Now that you have found all the parts to your research ‘scavenger hunt’, you need to consider what order you will present these in. Complete the next Activity to help you determine a logical order to present research. This Activity will be needed later, as well. Only after completing the Activity can you write your Review of Literature.

    13a

    Student Sample: Review of Literature

    Review of Literature

    Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Factors

    Darling et al. (2021) conducted a study between 2001 and 2018 to examine the efficiency of qualified interventions in preterm birth, small for gestational age, low birth weight, neonatal death, cesarean deliveries, maternal care satisfaction, and coast effectiveness programs. A systematic review was used to collect data from the United States, France, Spain, and the Netherlands. The studies consisted of mostly non- Caucasian women from low-income population ranging from 12 to 46 years of age and being between 20 to 32 weeks’ gestation. Interventional programs were implemented into three categories: group prenatal care, augmented prenatal care, or a combination of both group and augmented prenatal care (Darling et al. 2021). The researchers found that certain interventions, such as prenatal care and augmented care, or a combination of both, may decrease adverse outcomes in small-for-gestational-age and preterm birth, and could aid in increasing maternal care satisfaction. Interventions that worked on enhancing coordination of care were found to result in providing more effective cost savings. The researchers also found disparities in the quality of access to care in the vulnerable population. There was insufficient evidence of suitable quality to confirm that the interventions were successful at enhancing clinical outcomes in prenatal care for at risk populations (Darling et al. 2021).
    Similar observations were made in a study conducted by Nichols and Cohen (2020), between 2006 and 2018 to examine the methods used to improve the results of maternal mortality in California. The study was conducted using a scoping review to evaluate research on women and maternal health in the United States. The researchers used information from the US Maternal Fetal Medicine Network to measure the percentage of studies where pregnant women, women, and children were the main focus. The researchers also reviewed documentation on healthcare policies and practices from California’s public health department, healthcare foundation, and Maternal Quality Care Collaborative. Nichols and Cohen (2020) found that although the health of fetus and children could be adversely affected by the health of the mother, the majority of maternal programs in the United States places emphasis on the child. The researchers also found four areas of concern in women health experiences, both in pre and postnatal care. The problem areas entailed inadequate investment in women’s health, inefficient quality of care and avoidable caesarean delivers, expanding disparities in minority women and women living in rural areas, and contradictory collection and distribution of data (Nichols & Cohen, 2020).

    Approaches to Improving Pregnancy Outcomes

    In contrast to the preceding studies, Zhang et al. (2013) conducted a study between 2005 and 2007 to calculate the excessive rate of unfavorable outcomes in pregnancy within racial and ethnic groups. The study also aimed to measure the possibility of Medicaid savings that are linked to paid maternal care claims resulting from the inequalities that contribute to unfavorable maternal outcomes. A cross-sectional study using Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX) data was used to gather pregnancy outcome information from inpatient hospitals from 14 states (Florida, Alabama, Arkansas, North Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Maryland, Missouri, Tennessee, South Carolina, Virginia, and Texas). The study consisted of a little over 2 million patients who were insured with Medicaid and had a delivery code of maternal delivery stay. Zhang et al. (2013) found that, with the exception of gestational diabetes, African American women showed the worst outcomes out of all unfavorable pregnancy outcomes. These disparities are postulated as being multi-factorial, having causes stemming from complicated experiences with racism, poverty, and complex healthcare interactions. It was also found that women covered under Medicaid health insurance were more likely to have consistency in care from prenatal care through delivery compared to their counterparts. However, due to participation in Medicaid programs being influenced by reimbursement rates, some providers may choose to stop accepting Medicaid patients because of reimbursement delays and low payment rates, which could contribute to negative birth outcomes (Zhang et al., 2013).

    3.
    Analysis of Literature

    In that last paragraph, you will analyze what you have learned about your research problem through the research summarized in the Review of Literature. Different courses may ask you to consider varying but specific things during your analysis. In KG 604, you will present what is the same among your 3-4 research articles and what is different among methodologies, findings, and recommendations. After completing the Activity on the next pager, decide on the order in which you will present research articles and write your Review of Literature.

    2

    Activity: Analyze Your Research Articles: Compare and Contrast

    Directions

    Use Activity: Notes for Research Articles, Notice My Capitalization (on the pages between 13 and 14) to help you analyze below what is the same among your 3 research articles and what is different.
    You must use language like the words listed below:

    Sample comparison words
    Sample contrast words

    …similar to… …different from…

    …like… …however…

    …also… …on the other hand…

    Example for You

    If asked to write a complete sentence, comparing similarities among my research articles, I might come up with something like below. The example below only features two research articles. Be sure to include all of yours.
    1.
    What articles have similarities in each section below?

    a.
    Methodology

    Dall’Ora et al. (2015) and Stimpfel et al. (2012) both used qualitative methods with large sample sizes; 31,627 (Dall’Ora et al., 2015) and 22,275 (Stimpfel et al., 2012)
    b.
    Findings

    Both studies (Dall’Ora et al., 2015; Stimpfel et al., 2012) found a strong association between longer shifts and job dissatisfaction and the negative effects on patient satisfaction.
    c.
    Recommendations

    Both studies (Dall’Ora et al., 2015; Stimpfel et al., 2012) suggest policy makers to use the findings to reconsider their current approach of increasing hours due to nurse shortage because of the long-term negative effects on nurses and patients.

    1.
    What articles have similarities in each section below?

    a.
    Methodology

    b.
    Findings

    c.
    Recommendations

    2.
    What articles have differences in each section below?

    a.
    Methodology

    b.
    Findings

    c.
    Recommendations

    16a

    Student Sample: Analysis of Literature

    Analysis of Literature

    In the United States, the persistence of maternal mortality continues to be a problem area in public health. The contributing factors that impact pregnancy outcomes persist in burdening the U.S., leading to poor healthcare quality, and increasing health disparities. The studies used in this literature review each used a different form of research methodology to collect data, including systematic and scoping reviews and cross-sectional studies. Similarly, Darling et al. (2021), Nichols and Cohen (2020), and Zhang et al. (2013) have emphasized the correlation between race/ethnicity and financial status playing a part in influencing quality of care, access of care, and pregnancy outcomes in pregnant minority women. To mitigate the disparities in maternal health Darling et al. (2021) and Zhang et al. (2013) suggested that interventions should be inspected and geared towards determining and eradicating the racial and ethnic disparities that affect pregnancy-related outcomes. Whereas Nichols and Cohen (2020) suggested focusing on exploring the distinctive experiences of particular at-risk subgroups of women, such as women in prison, who are of childbearing age, and the pregnant women who are less likely to pursue prenatal care, such as undocumented women.

    2

    Activity: Checklist for the Literature Review

    (
    your professor may want this to be submitted with your literature review)

    Part 1: Introductory Paragraph to Literature Review

    Steps

    Description of Steps

    Check

    1

    Opening sentence: isolate your research problem, with citation

    2

    Explain why it is necessary to solve this problem

    3

    Ensure your reader that you have only included research articles in the literature review and identify the main theme among them

    4

    If you notice multiple factors, you should list them

    5

    Include the names of the databases you used to conduct your research from the Monroe College Library

    6

    Lastly, list any search words/terms you used in order to find your research articles

    Part 2: Review of Literature

    1st paragraph is the objective summary of the first research article with limitations.

    2nd paragraph includes a transition word from the first research article to the objective

    summary of the second research article with limitations.

    3rd paragraph includes a transition word from the first research article to the objective

    summary of the second research article with limitations.

    Flow

    Is organized by findings, geography, methodology, or time

    Uses headings to help your readers find their way

    Uses transition words like compare/contrast words so the reader sees the flow

    from article to article

    Sample comparison words
    Sample contrast words

    …similar to… …different from…

    …like… …however…

    …also… …on the other hand…

    Part 3: Analysis of Literature

    Includes similarities and differences of methodologies

    Includes similarities and differences of findings

    Includes similarities and differences of recommendations

    17a

    Discussion: Mitigation Recommendation
    17b

    Important: the requirements of the Discussion Section may differ from one course to the next. Therefore, it is very important to read directions carefully to understand what your professor is asking.

    For KG 604, you will use research conducted throughout the semester that reports on your research problem; you will use this to introduce your discussion. This is important, as it provides ‘proof’ that the problem is relevant today.

    Activity: Reintroduce and Summarize the Problem and Populations Affected
    (think of this like your formal introduction into the Discussion section)

    Complete the Orange Columns.

    Steps

    Task

    Description of Steps

    Your Notes

    In-Text Citations

    1

    Summarize:

    Whatever your research problem is, you will need to summarize the proof that the
    problem exists today by

    1. Identify the problem:

    2. Identify populations affected:

    3. Identify the location:

    1.
    the problem

    2.
    populations affected by

    providing an ‘example’ of your research problem happening in the world.

    the problem
    3.
    location of the problem, if applicable

    For your ‘example’, you will use articles found for KG- 604, but in other courses it
    may be a case study from

    your textbook, a summary of

    the problem provided by your

    professors, or you may need

    to find a relevant ‘case’ on

    your own.

    Activity: Find a Company/Organization/Policy Working to Mitigate the Problem
    17c

    Complete the orange columns in your notebook.

    Steps

    Task

    Description of Steps

    Your Notes

    In-Text Citations

    2

    Use p. 18 to find and summarize an existing evidence-based solution to use as a foundation to YOUR

    recommendation.

    Conduct further research using methods on p. 18 to find a company/organization/ program/policy that is doing a good job trying to mitigate this problem (this could be from another state or even another country where populations are comparable).

    1. Name of company/organization/ program/policy:

    2. Include detailed evidence that this ‘solution’ is working (do not forget to include dates/years, and statistics as support):

    3. Identify specific ‘parts’ of the ‘solution’ that you wish to recommend:

    Guidance: Foundation to Your Recommendation

    Through Your Existing Sources

    1. Go to your news article or any of the research articles used for the Literature Review

    2. Do any of the above sources mention a policy, program, law, etc. that has been implemented to help reduce the problem?

    3. If yes, go to Google and find that policy, program, law etc. (save it)

    4. If no, proceed below.

    Through Additional Sources

    If your news article or any of your research articles do not tell you about a law, policy, or program etc. that has been implemented to help reduce your research problem, please use the guidance below to help you find a foundation policy, program, law, etc. You will need this for next class.

    1. Go to Google
    -OR- the Monroe College Library databases associated with your major (see pp. 8-9 in the
    Foundations text for databases you should be using)

    2. Type in the search bar your research problem + population + chosen search term

    Your Research Problem

    + Population +

    Search Terms

    · Legislation
    · Policy
    · Law
    · Intervention
    · Program
    · Education

    2

    Activity: Develop Your Recommendation with Evidence

    Complete the orange columns in your notebook.

    Steps

    Task

    Description of Steps

    Your Notes

    In-Text Citations

    3

    Form your recommendation

    Use your selected company/organization/ program/policy as a basis for your recommendation.

    Connect this recommendation to the research problem.

    1. Identify what is the same and different between your research population and the ‘solution’s’ population:

    Same:

    Different:

    2. Explain how you envision the “specific parts of the ‘solution’” helping to mitigate your research problem:

    18a

    .

    Student Sample: Discussion

    Discussion

    There is current evidence that racial disparities in healthcare among pregnant women continues to be a problem in the United States. In an article published by The New York Times, there has been a persistence and growth in racial disparity throughout the years despite calls to take action to improve medical care access for women of color (Rabin, 2019). Similarly, in a study conducted by Nichols and Cohen (2019) mounting disparities continue amid women health outcomes in the United States, primarily among race and ethnicity and within residents living in urban and rural areas (Nichols and Cohen, 2019). These disparities directly affect African American, Alaska Native and Native American Women (Rabin, 2019). When compared to other high-income countries, the United States has substandard records in maternal health outcomes, and while the rate of maternal mortality dropped across the world, America’s maternal health outcomes have worsened (Rabin, 2019).
    To reduce the disparities among minority women policy changes have been made. Federal law enacted the Preventing Maternal Death Act providing states with grants to explore, examine and investigate pregnancy related deaths for up to one year after the birth of a child (Rabin, 2019). Also, The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists created new guidelines in treating cardiovascular disease in pregnant women (Rabin, 2019). In 2014 Alliance for Innovation on Maternal Health (AIM) was developed by the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology to collaborate with partners of the states and hospitals to gather information on safety measures being taken to improve maternal health outcomes, allowing partners to assess and track program progress (Nichols and Cohen, 2019). In the study conducted by Nichols and Cohen (2019), two out of the various programs that California implemented were the Black Infant Health Program (BIH) and increasing the states income eligibility for pregnant women to 200% of the federal poverty level. With the implementation of these programs, mortality rates decreased from 22.1% to 8.3% in the best practices toolkit, a program developed for hemorrhage and high blood pressure during pregnancy. Altogether, California’s maternal mortality rate decreased by above 50% between 2006 and 2018 (Nichols and Cohen, 2019). To prevent negative pregnancy outcomes in women of color, California used federal funds to develop programs that focused on African American mothers and the health determinants that are influenced by social and structural factors. The Black Infant Health Program provided support to African American women through group trainings, entailing of stress reduction, life skills development, and building social support (Nichols and Cohen, 2019). Nearly half of the babies born in the United States are insured under Medicaid which covers the child through the first year of life. However, in most states, Medicaid provides coverage for the mother until 60 days postpartum, after which the mother must meet the federal poverty level to be eligible for coverage (Nichols and Cohen, 2019). This exposes the mother to various risks that can adversely affect her health. Expanding Medicaid access would mitigate the maternal healthcare barriers that affect low socioeconomic minority women.
    Racial disparities in maternal healthcare are a persistent problem in the United States. African American mothers experience higher adverse pregnancy outcomes and are less likely to obtain sufficient prenatal care when compared to Caucasian women (Zhang et al., 2013). Similarly, racial disparities among women of color are made worse by partialities in the healthcare that they receive (Nichols and Cohen, 2019). To mitigate racial disparities in maternal health among minority women it is important to understand the determinants that contribute to their health outcomes. With increased federal funding, programs can be geared towards providing quality care to women of color. This can be established by utilizing specific methods of care that are relatable to those being serviced in the community, providing them with medical professionals that are culturally competent and adequately trained in servicing underserved communities, fostering a trusting provider-patient relationship. Nichols and Cohen (2019) suggest that funding should be used to address the social factors that influence maternal health to reduce the psychosocial risks in women who may be more vulnerable to adverse pregnancy outcomes. The pregnancy-related risks of a mother do not end after her child’s birth. The expansion of Medicaid access and coverage would provide a mother with the means of receiving adequate care during all stages of pregnancy and during the postpartum period, in which she can still be adversely affected from her pregnancy. It is vital for the federal government to enact policies requiring states to provide medical coverage to women for one year after the birth of their child. Providing coverage to various specialties would ensure the mother has efficient access to care should adverse symptoms develop. Nichols and Cohen (2019) postulated that state programs should expand Medicaid coverage for women focusing on their healthcare needs before, during and after pregnancy, paying close attention to women’s health and chronic disease management, especially to those who have or had high risk pregnancies. Implementing these programs would develop a foundation in the quality of racial maternal care across all states and provide cohesion and uniformity in the delivery of care.

    Conclusion Paragraph

    For the last paragraph of your research paper, you will simply reiterate and connect main ideas discussed in your paper to your recommendation.

    Student Sample: Conclusion

    Conclusion

    As seen in one of California’s intervention programs, the Black Infant Health Program (Nichols and Cohen, 2019), a program which provided support to African American women through group trainings, which entailed stress reduction techniques, life skills development, and the building of social support enabled mitigation efforts to be focused and geared around the influencing factors that contributed to adverse pregnancy outcomes among the minority women within the community, thus reducing and preventing negative pregnancy outcomes in women of color. African American, American Indian, and Alaska Native women are up to three times more likely to die from adverse pregnancy related outcomes, a disparity that increases with age (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019). In the United States, maternal mortality and adverse health outcomes persist within the minority community and as a result racial disparities in healthcare among pregnant women is a current preventable public health concern, therefore it is vital to understand the determinants of health that influences negative pregnancy related outcomes in minority women.

    Continue to the checklist on the next page; your professor may require it.

    2

    Activity: Checklist to the Conclusion Paragraph:
    22a

    · I restated my research problem (Y/N)

    · I restated recommendations provided in the literature review (Y/N)

    · I have included the name of company/organization/program/policy, which is the basis for my recommendation (Y/N)
    · I have explained why I believe the above company/organization/program/policy will work to mitigate the problem shown in my news article (Y/N)

    Space for Notes:

    2

    References
    RACIAL DISPARITIES IN HEALTH IN PREGNANT WOMEN 23

    References (bold, centered, & on the first line)

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019, September 6). Racial and ethnic disparities continue in pregnancy-related deaths. https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2019/p0905- racial-ethnic-disparities-pregnancy-deaths.html

    0.5”

    1 tab (hanging indent)

    Darling, E. K., Cody, K., Meara Tubman-Broeren, & Marquez, O. (2021). The effect of prenatal care delivery models targeting populations with low rates of PNC attendance: A systematic review. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 32(1), 119- 136. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/effect-prenatal-care-delivery-modelstargeting/docview/2507722229/se-2
    Nichols, C. R., & Cohen, A. K. (2021). Preventing maternal mortality in the United States: Lessons from California and policy recommendations. Journal of Public Health Policy, 42(1), 127-144.
    https://doi.org/10.1057/s41271-020-00264-9

    Rabin, R. C. (2019, May 8). Huge racial disparities persist in pregnancy-related deaths, and are growing. New York Times, A20(L). https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A584694288/ITOF?u=nysl_me_moncol&sid=bookmarkITOF&xid=b9422ff9
    Zhang, S., Cardarelli, K., Shim, R., Ye, J., Booker, K. L., & Rust, G. (2013). Racial disparities in economic and clinical outcomes of pregnancy among Medicaid recipients. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 17(8), 1518+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A344827866/PPNU?u=nysl_me_moncol&sid=bookmarkPPNU&xid=51747d5

    Lead authors are listed on this page alphabetically

    Rubric for References Page

    Please check off where your assignment is on each criterion in this rubric Complete and submit it with your assignment

    Criteria

    Excellent

    Not yet excellent

    Word References is in bold and centered 1” from top of page

    Word References is not yet in bold and centered 1” from top of page

    Everything, including the page number, is in Times New Roman

    12. Page number is in

    upper right corner

    Everything, including the page number, is in Times New Roman 12. Page number is in upper right corner

    Not everything on the page is yet in Times New Roman 12 point in upper right corner

    Each reference is correctly formatted in APA 7 style

    Each reference is correctly formatted in APA 7 style

    Not all references are yet correctly formatted in APA 7 style

    References are double-spaced,

    in alphabetical order, with no extra spaces between them

    References are double-spaced, in alphabetical order, with no extra spaces between them

    References are not yet double- spaced, in alphabetical order, with no extra spaces between them

    References Format for Journal Articles – APA 7

    ‘Formula’ for Journal Articles:

    Lastname, FirstInitial. MiddleInitial., & Lastname, FirstInitial. MiddleInitial. (Year). Title of article following capitalization rules: Capitalize the first letter of first word, first letter of first word after mid-title punctuation, and any Proper Noun.
    Title of Academic Journal: Proper Noun Capitalization,
    vol#(issue#), page#-page#. Full doi web address

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    1

    Objective Summary: Artificial Intelligence Drawbacks

    Student Name

    Department, Institution

    Course Title

    Instructor Name

    Due Date

    Objective Summary

    The two authors of the article for the summary are Kochling and Wehner (2020). Both authors are qualified to take on the research because Alina Kochling is part of the business professional team of lecturers who are at Heinrich-Heine-University Dusseldorf. Since the author is part of a higher learning institution, there is a high chance that the author will use their experience to guide research. The writers finish this research by carefully examining 36 papers that covered the years 2014 through 2020 and provided information. They sought to examine how the idea of using algorithms to help human resource managers in employee recruitment can lead to bias and discrimination. The found out that, although algorithmic decision making is good, it requires some improvement to remove the possible discrimination. Considering the time frame of the research, the paper is a recent rather than a historical one. The article is not historical because it has been conducted and presented within the timespan of the previous decade. Hence its concepts are easily applicable to current world situations. This shows that it is applicable in several areas in today’s society as it considers elements in recent times.

    The research by the authors involved the review of literature that pertains with algorithmic decision-making in HR. The research would guide employers on the best way to boost fairness when choosing best employees and establishing proper ways to manage them. The authors use the paper to show how other employers and clients how the concept of algorithmic decision-making operates, while informing areas that may require research in future. The researchers ensure an approach that is not only methodological but highly transparent and replicable to several other real-life scenarios. Kochling and Wehner (2020) provided sufficient research on the concept of recruiting employees, and also offered the directions for future research on the topic. The researchers claim that this research was necessary because there exists little knowledge on the kind of troubles in HR when it comes to selecting the right employees. After reviewing the literature and analyzing the same, the authors give both practical and theoretical suggestions on how future research should be done.

    Reference

    Köchling, A., & Wehner, M. C. (2020). Discriminated by an algorithm: a systematic review of discrimination and fairness by algorithmic decision-making in the context of HR
    recruitment and HR development. 
    Business Research, 13(3), 795-848.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s40685-020-00134-w

    2

    Artificial Intelligence Drawbacks

    Student’s name

    Professor’s name

    Course title

    Institution

    Date

    Artificial Intelligence Drawbacks

    Research question: What are the implications of utilizing artificial intelligence in assessing and hiring employees?

    Title of research article: Discriminated by an algorithm: a systematic review of discrimination and fairness by algorithmic decision-making in the context of HR recruitment and HR development.

    Methodology: The article applies systematic review in collecting and analyzing data.

    “This
    systematic literature review aims at offering a coherent, transparent, and reliable picture of existing knowledge and providing insights into fruitful research avenues about the discrimination potential and fairness when using algorithmic decision-making in HR recruitment and HR development. This is in line with other
    systematic literature reviews that organize, evaluate, and synthesize knowledge in a particular field and provide an overall picture of knowledge and suggestions for future research (Petticrew and Roberts 

    2008

    ; Crossan and Apaydin 

    2010

    ; Siddaway et al. 

    2019

    ). To this end, we followed the
    systematic literature review approach described by Siddaway et al. (
    2019) and Gough et al. (

    2017

    ) to ensure a methodical, transparent, and replicable approach.”

    Findings: “Performance evaluations carried out by an algorithm are
    less likely to be perceived as
    fair and trustworthy, and at the same time, they evoke more
    negative feelings than human decisions.”

    Reference

    Köchling, A., & Wehner, M. C. (2020). Discriminated by an algorithm: a systematic review of discrimination and fairness by algorithmic decision-making in the context of HR recruitment and HR development. 
    Business Research, 
    13(3), 795-848. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40685-020-00134-w

    2

    Artificial Intelligence Drawbacks

    Student’s name

    Professor’s name

    Course title

    Institution

    Date

    Artificial Intelligence Drawbacks

    Research question: What are the implications of utilizing artificial intelligence in assessing and hiring employees?

    Title of research article: Discriminated by an algorithm: a systematic review of discrimination and fairness by algorithmic decision-making in the context of HR recruitment and HR development.

    Methodology: The article applies systematic review in collecting and analyzing data.

    “This
    systematic literature review aims at offering a coherent, transparent, and reliable picture of existing knowledge and providing insights into fruitful research avenues about the discrimination potential and fairness when using algorithmic decision-making in HR recruitment and HR development. This is in line with other
    systematic literature reviews that organize, evaluate, and synthesize knowledge in a particular field and provide an overall picture of knowledge and suggestions for future research (Petticrew and Roberts 

    2008

    ; Crossan and Apaydin 

    2010

    ; Siddaway et al. 

    2019

    ). To this end, we followed the
    systematic literature review approach described by Siddaway et al. (
    2019) and Gough et al. (

    2017

    ) to ensure a methodical, transparent, and replicable approach.”

    Findings: “Performance evaluations carried out by an algorithm are
    less likely to be perceived as
    fair and trustworthy, and at the same time, they evoke more
    negative feelings than human decisions.”

    Reference

    Köchling, A., & Wehner, M. C. (2020). Discriminated by an algorithm: a systematic review of discrimination and fairness by algorithmic decision-making in the context of HR recruitment and HR development. 
    Business Research, 
    13(3), 795-848. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40685-020-00134-w

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